Know Your Rights

Justice of the Peace Courts in Louisiana

Justice of the Peace courts are limited‑jurisdiction courts that handle certain civil matters in Louisiana. They provide an accessible and inexpensive forum for resolving smaller disputes.

Civil Jurisdiction

JP courts may hear suits involving possession or ownership of movable property and small claims not exceeding $5,000. They also handle eviction suits for residential property regardless of rent amount and for commercial property where the monthly rent is not more than $5,000. Some examples of cases you can file in JP court include landlord–tenant disputes, unpaid wages, damage to property or breach of contract. These courts do not have authority over suits involving ownership of land or real estate, divorce proceedings or cases that raise constitutional questions. They cannot issue injunctions except to enforce their own judgments and writs.

Small Claims

Small claims divisions within JP courts allow individuals and businesses to pursue civil cases up to $5,000 without an attorney. Filing fees are modest, and the process is simplified. You have the right to represent yourself and present evidence, call witnesses and obtain a judgment.

Evictions & Landlord–Tenant Rights

Landlords must follow legal procedures to evict a tenant. In most cases, they must provide a five‑day written notice to vacate for non‑payment of rent before filing an eviction suit in court. Other grounds for eviction include violating lease terms, damaging property, engaging in illegal activity or staying after the lease expires. JP courts can issue orders of eviction for residential tenants regardless of rent amount. For commercial tenants, the monthly rent must be $5,000 or less for the court to hear the case. A landlord cannot forcibly remove a tenant or seize belongings without a court order.

Marriage Authority

Justices of the Peace and certain judges are authorized by Louisiana law to perform marriage ceremonies. A JP may officiate within the parish where they serve, any parish in the same Supreme Court district, or another parish with no JP court. Retired JPs retain the authority to solemnize marriages if properly registered. Couples must obtain a marriage license from the clerk of court before the ceremony.

Why It Matters

JP courts provide an important alternative to city and district courts by offering faster and more affordable resolution of small disputes. Educating the public about these courts helps ensure access to justice, reduces congestion in higher courts and preserves this valuable institution from elimination. Recent studies by the Louisiana Legislature are examining the role and value of JP courts, so public awareness and participation are crucial.